Creatine is a natural acid produced in kidney and liver and mostly stored in the muscle cells but it can also be supplied by nutrition. Tissues with high energy demands take up Creatine through an active transport system. 

The protective acid mantle or hydrolipid film which covers skin’s surface is slightly acidic. The average pH of around 5.4-5.9 is important for the activation of protective enzymes, which regulate bacterial growth and support desquamation, or skin shedding. In sensitive skin, the protective mantle can lose its acidity, weakening skin’s natural boundary functions. pH5 Citrate Buffer helps restore and stabilise skin’s natural pH, encouraging enzyme activation and protection against irritations.

Urea is one of the substances produced naturally by the skin to regulate its moisture content, called “natural moisturising factors” (NMFs). Urea is hygroscopic, binding water in the uppermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum. Urea is also keratolytic, meaning it breaks down the connections between dead skin cells, improving cell shedding and, thus, smoothing the skin’s surface. Being a natural skin compound, Urea is well-tolerated, even by people who suffer from extremely dry skin.

Like Urea, Lactate (the salt of Lactic Acid) is also a “natural moisturising factor” (NMF), and is produced naturally by the skin. Lactate absorbs and retains moisture within the stratum corneum, or upper layer of the skin, and therefore plays a vital role in maintaining the skin’s physical properties. Low levels of Lactate within the stratum corneum are known to be associated with dry skin.

Bisabolol can be derived synthetically, or extracted naturally from Chamomile, where the Bisabolol isomer is the active principle in the plant. It has been used for hundreds of years to help support skin´s own healing process. Its anti-irritant and anti-inflammatory properties make it a highly suitable ingredient for use in skincare products.

Licorice Extract is a powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant that is derived from the roots of the Chinese licorice plant. This plant uses the antioxidative efficacy of Licorice Extract to protect its cells against UV-radiation. It offers proven protection of skin cells against sun-induced damages caused by free radicals. When it is applied to irritated skin, Licorice Extract helps reduce redness and soothes inflammation.